In the previous lesson, we overloaded operator+ as a friend function: #include <iostream> class Cents { private: int m_cents{}; public: Cents(int cents) : m_cents{ cents } {} // add Cents + Cents using a friend function friend Cents operator+(const Cents& c1, const Cents& c2); int getCents() const { return m_cents; …
Most programs that have a user interface of some kind need to handle user input. In the programs that you have been writing, you have been using std::cin to ask the user to enter text input. Because text input is so free-form (the user can enter anything), it’s very easy …
The concepts of scope, duration, and linkage cause a lot of confusion, so we’re going to take an extra lesson to summarize everything. Some of these things we haven’t covered yet, and they’re here just for completeness / reference later. An identifier’s scope determines where the identifier can be accessed …
In lesson , we noted that a variable or function identifier can only have one definition (the one definition rule). Thus, a program that defines a variable identifier more than once will cause a compile error: int main() { int x; // this is a definition for variable x int …
In this chapter, we explored the meat of C++ — classes! This is the most important chapter in the tutorial series, as it sets the stage for much of what’s left to come. Chapter Review In , the focus is on creating “procedures” (which in C++ are called functions) that …
When writing a class that has multiple constructors (which is most of them), having to specify default values for all members in each constructor results in redundant code. If you update the default value for a member, you need to touch each constructor. It’s possible to give normal class member …
Another chapter down! There’s just this pesky quiz to get past… Function arguments can be passed by value, reference or address. Use pass by value for fundamental data types and enumerators. Use pass by reference for structs, classes, or when you need the function to modify an argument. Use pass …
In the previous lessons in this chapter, we introduced containers, arrays, and std::vector. We also discussed topics such as how to access array elements, get the length of an array, and how to traverse an array. While we used std::vector in our examples, the concepts that we have discussed are …
Chapter Review Fixed-size arrays (or fixed-length arrays) require that the length of the array be known at the point of instantiation, and that length cannot be changed afterward. C-style arrays and std::array are both fixed-size arrays. Dynamic arrays can be resized at runtime. std::vector is a dynamic array. The length …
In the previous lesson , we introduced both containers and arrays. In this lesson, we’ll introduce the array type that we’ll be focused on for the rest of the chapter: std::vector. We’ll also solve one part of the scalability challenge we introduced last lesson. Introduction to std::vector std::vector is one …
