In lesson , we discussed cases where a function encounters an error that it cannot reasonably handle itself. For example, consider a function that calculates and returns a value: int doIntDivision(int x, int y) { return x / y; } If the caller passes in a value that is semantically …
What is C++23? In February of 2023, the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) approved a new version of C++, called C++23. New improvements in C++23 For your interest, here’s a list of the major changes that C++23 adds. Note that this list is not comprehensive, but rather intended to highlight …
When we need to pass a std::vector to a function, we pass it by (const) reference so that we do not make an expensive copy of the array data. Therefore, you will probably be surprised to find that it is okay to return a std::vector by value. Say whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaat? Copy …
Nice work. Function templates may seem pretty complex, but they are a very powerful way to make your code work with objects of different types. We’ll see a lot more template stuff in future chapters, so hold on to your hat. Chapter Review allows us to create multiple functions with …
What happens if we want to use a random number generator in multiple functions or files? One way is to create (and seed) our PRNG in our main() function, and then pass it everywhere we need it. But that’s a lot of passing for something we may only use sporadically, …
Chapter Review occurs when a project’s capabilities grow beyond what was originally intended at the start of the project or project phase. is the process of testing whether or not the software works as expected in all cases. A is a test designed to test a small portion of the …
In the previous lesson , we defined what a constant expression is, discussed why constant expressions are desirable, and concluded with when constant expressions actually evaluate at compile-time. In this lesson, we’ll take a closer look at how we create variables that can be used in constant expressions in modern …
Chapter Review A is a value that may not be changed during the program’s execution. C++ supports two types of constants: named constants, and literals. A is a constant value that is associated with an identifier. A is a constant value not associated with an identifier. A variable whose value …
Operator Symbol Form Meaning Conditional ?: c ? x : y If conditional c is true then evaluate x, otherwise evaluate y The conditional operator (?:) (also sometimes called the arithmetic if operator) is a ternary operator (an operator that takes 3 operands). Because it has historically been C++’s only …
In some cases, it is possible to write functions that don’t behave as desired when called with values of certain types. Consider the following example: #include <iostream> void printInt(int x) { std::cout << x << ‘\n’; } int main() { printInt(5); // okay: prints 5 printInt(‘a’); // prints 97 — …
