The ios_base class contains several state flags that are used to signal various conditions that may occur when using streams: Although these flags live in ios_base, because ios is derived from ios_base and ios takes less typing than ios_base, they are generally accessed through ios (e.g. as std::ios::failbit). ios also …
So far, all of the I/O examples you have seen have been writing to cout or reading from cin. However, there is another set of classes called the stream classes for strings that allow you to use the familiar insertions (<<) and extraction (>>) operators to work with strings. Like …
In this section, we will look at various aspects of the iostream output class (ostream). The insertion operator The insertion operator (<<) is used to put information into an output stream. C++ has predefined insertion operations for all of the built-in data types, and you’ve already seen how you can …
The iostream library is fairly complex — so we will not be able to cover it in its entirety in these tutorials. However, we will show you the most commonly used functionality. In this section, we will look at various aspects of the input class (istream). The extraction operator As …
Input and output functionality is not defined as part of the core C++ language, but rather is provided through the C++ standard library (and thus resides in the std namespace). In previous lessons, you included the iostream library header and made use of the cin and cout objects to do …
In previous lessons, we discussed that when passing an argument by value, a copy of the argument is made into the function parameter. For fundamental types (which are cheap to copy), this is fine. But copying is typically expensive for class types (such as std::string). We can avoid making an …
In all of the functions we’ve seen so far, the number of parameters a function will take must be known in advance (even if they have default values). However, there are certain cases where it can be useful to be able to pass a variable number of parameters to a …
The need for command line arguments As you learned in lesson , when you compile and link your program, the output is an executable file. When a program is run, execution starts at the top of the function called main(). Up to this point, we’ve declared main like this: int …
Pure virtual (abstract) functions and abstract base classes So far, all of the virtual functions we have written have a body (a definition). However, C++ allows you to create a special kind of virtual function called a pure virtual function (or abstract function) that has no body at all! A …
Consider the following program: #include <iostream> #include <string_view> class Base { public: std::string_view getName() const { return “Base”; } // not virtual virtual std::string_view getNameVirtual() const { return “Base”; } // virtual }; class Derived: public Base { public: std::string_view getName() const { return “Derived”; } virtual std::string_view getNameVirtual() const …
