In the previous lessons ( and ), you learned how to use the debugger to watch the path of execution through your program. However, stepping through a program is only half of what makes the debugger useful. The debugger also lets you examine the value of variables as you step …
When you run your program, execution begins at the top of the main function, and then proceeds sequentially statement by statement, until the program ends. At any point in time while your program is running, the program is keeping track of a lot of things: the value of the variables …
This lesson continues our introduction of constructors from lesson . Member initialization via a member initialization list To have a constructor initialize members, we do so using a (often called a “member initialization list”). Do not confuse this with the similarly named “initializer list” that is used to initialize aggregates …
Yup, it’s finally here. If you have a javascript enabled browser, code examples in the tutorials will now have line numbering and syntax highlighting. For example, instead of: Cents& Cents::operator= (const Cents &cSource) { // check for self-assignment by comparing the address of the // implicit object and the parameter …
Shallow copying Because C++ does not know much about your class, the default copy constructor and default assignment operators it provides use a copying method known as a memberwise copy (also known as a shallow copy). This means that C++ copies each member of the class individually (using the assignment …
Consider the following program: #include <iostream> class Fraction { private: int m_numerator{ 0 }; int m_denominator{ 1 }; public: // Default constructor Fraction(int numerator=0, int denominator=1) : m_numerator{numerator}, m_denominator{denominator} { } void print() const { std::cout << “Fraction(” << m_numerator << “, ” << m_denominator << “)\n”; } }; int …
In lesson , you learned that C++ allows you to convert one data type to another. The following example shows an int being converted into a double: int n{ 5 }; auto d{ static_cast<double>(n) }; // int cast to a double C++ already knows how to convert between the built-in …
All of the overloaded operators you have seen so far let you define the type of the operator’s parameters, but not the number of parameters (which is fixed based on the type of the operator). For example, operator== always takes two parameters, whereas operator! always takes one. The parenthesis operator …
In lesson , we covered many types of common C++ semantic errors that new C++ programmers run into with the language. If an error is the result of a misused language feature or logic error, the error can simply be corrected. But most errors in a program don’t occur as …
When working with arrays, we typically use the subscript operator ([]) to index specific elements of an array: myArray[0] = 7; // put the value 7 in the first element of the array However, consider the following IntList class, which has a member variable that is an array: class IntList …
