A tip o’ the hat to reader Avtem for conceiving of and collaborating on this project. Project time Let’s implement the classic game 15 Puzzle! In 15 Puzzle, you begin with a randomized 4×4 grid of tiles. 15 of the tiles have numbers 1 through 15. One tile is missing. …
In lesson , we introduced expressions. By default, expressions evaluate at runtime. And in some cases, they must do so: std::cin >> x; std::cout << 5 << ‘\n’; Because input and output can’t be performed at compile time, the expressions above are required to evaluate at runtime. In prior lesson …
Author’s note This lesson is optional. Future lessons reference hexadecimal numbers, so you should at least have a passing familiarity with the concept before proceeding. In everyday life, we count using numbers, where each numerical digit can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. Decimal …
In prior lessons, we introduced two string types: std::string () and std::string_view (). Because std::string_view is our first encounter with a view type, we’re going to spend some additional time discussing it further. We will focus on how to use std::string_view safely, and provide some examples illustrating how it can …
Class template argument deduction (CTAD) C++17 Starting in C++17, when instantiating an object from a class template, the compiler can deduce the template types from the types of the object’s initializer (this is called or for short). For example: #include <utility> // for std::pair int main() { std::pair<int, int> p1{ …
In lesson , we introduced the challenge of having to create a separate (overloaded) function for each different set of types we want to work with: #include <iostream> // function to calculate the greater of two int values int max(int x, int y) { return (x < y) ? y …
In a prior lesson (), we indicated that the syntax for a function definition looks like this: returnType identifier() // identifier replaced with the name of your function { // Your code here } Although we showed examples of functions that had return-type void, we did not discuss what this …
Quick review (also called ) are data types that can be constructed from fundamental data types (or other compound data types). The of an expression indicates whether an expression resolves to a value, a function, or an object of some kind. An is an expression that evaluates to a function …
There are certain questions that tend to get asked over and over. This FAQ will attempt to answer the most common ones. Q1: Why shouldn’t we use “using namespace std”? The statement using namespace std; is a . A using-directive allows all of the identifiers from a given namespace to …
In lesson , we introduced the constexpr keyword, which we used to create compile-time (symbolic) constants. We also introduced constant expressions, which are expressions that can be evaluated at compile-time rather than runtime. One challenge with constant expressions is that function call to a normal function are not allowed in …
