The ability to generate random numbers can be useful in certain kinds of programs, particularly in games, statistical modelling programs, and cryptographic applications that need to encrypt and decrypt things. Take games for example — without random events, monsters would always attack you the same way, you’d always find the …
In lesson , we discussed how the auto keyword can be used to have the compiler deduce the type of a variable from the initializer: int main() { int a { 5 }; auto b { a }; // b deduced as an int return 0; } We also noted …
Consider an employee represented by 3 loose variables: int main() { int id { 1 }; int age { 24 }; double wage { 52400.0 }; return 0; } If we want to pass this employee to a function, we have to pass three variables: #include <iostream> void printEmployee(int id, …
When we define a struct (or class) type, we can provide a default initialization value for each member as part of the type definition. For members not marked as static, this process is sometimes called . The initialization value is called a . Related content We cover static members and …
In the previous lesson (), we talked about how to define structs, instantiate struct objects, and access their members. In this lesson, we’ll discuss how structs are initialized. Data members are not initialized by default Much like normal variables, data members are not initialized by default. Consider the following struct: …
In the prior lesson (), we mentioned that enumerators are symbolic constants. What we didn’t tell you then is that these enumerators have values that are of an integral type. This is similar to the case with chars (). Consider: char ch { ‘A’ }; A char is really just …
Because fundamental types are defined as part of the core C++ language, they are available for immediate use. For example, if we want to define a variable with a type of int or double, we can just do so: int x; // define variable of fundamental type ‘int’ double d; …
This lesson is a continuation of . Pass by address for “optional” arguments One of the more common uses for pass by address is to allow a function to accept an “optional” argument. This is easier to illustrate by example than to describe: #include <iostream> void printIDNumber(const int *id=nullptr) { …
Before we talk about our first compound type (lvalue references), we’re going to take a little detour and talk about what an lvalue is. In lesson , we defined an expression as “a combination of literals, variables, operators, and function calls that can be executed to produce a singular value”. …
In lesson , we introduced the fundamental data types, which are the basic data types that C++ provides as part of the core language. We’ve made much use of these fundamental types in our programs so far, especially the int data type. And while these fundamental types are extremely useful …
