Once you’ve created strings, it’s often useful to know how long they are. This is where length and capacity operations come into play. We’ll also discuss various ways to convert std::string back into C-style strings, so you can use them with functions that expect strings of type char*. Length of …
In this lesson, we’ll take a look at how to construct objects of std::string, as well as how to create strings from numbers and vice-versa. String construction The string classes have a number of constructors that can be used to create strings. We’ll take a look at each of them …
The standard library contains many useful classes — but perhaps the most useful is std::string. std::string (and std::wstring) is a string class that provides many operations to assign, compare, and modify strings. In this chapter, we’ll look into these string classes in depth. Note: C-style strings will be referred to …
Now that you’ve learned some basics about programs, let’s look more closely at how to design a program. When you sit down to write a program, generally you have some kind of idea, which you’d like to write a program for. New programmers often have trouble figuring out how to …
In the previous lesson , we introduced the concept of random number generation, and discussed how PRNG algorithms are typically used to simulate randomness in programs. In this lesson, we’ll take a look at how to generate random numbers in your programs. To access any of the randomization capabilities in …
As with almost everything that has benefits, there are some potential downsides to exceptions as well. This article is not meant to be comprehensive, but just to point out some of the major issues that should be considered when using exceptions (or deciding whether to use them). Cleaning up resources …
Exceptions and member functions Up to this point in the tutorial, you’ve only seen exceptions used in non-member functions. However, exceptions are equally useful in member functions, and even more so in overloaded operators. Consider the following overloaded [] operator as part of a simple integer array class: int& IntArray::operator[](const …
By now, you should have a reasonable idea of how exceptions work. In this lesson, we’ll cover a few more interesting exception cases. Uncaught exceptions When a function throws an exception that it does not handle itself, it is making the assumption that a function somewhere down the call stack …
In the previous lesson on , we explained how throw, try, and catch work together to enable exception handling. In this lesson, we’ll talk about how exception handling interacts with functions. Throwing exceptions from a called function In the prior lesson, we noted, “a try block detects any exceptions that …
In the previous lesson on the need for exceptions, we talked about how using return codes causes your control flow and error flow to be intermingled, constraining both. Exceptions in C++ are implemented using three keywords that work in conjunction with each other: throw, try, and catch. Throwing exceptions We …
