Author: Alex

For classes that have multiple member variables, printing each of the individual variables on the screen can get tiresome fast. For example, consider the following class: class Point { private: double m_x{}; double m_y{}; double m_z{}; public: Point(double x=0.0, double y=0.0, double z=0.0) : m_x{x}, m_y{y}, m_z{z} { } double …

Some of the most commonly used operators in C++ are the arithmetic operators — that is, the plus operator (+), minus operator (-), multiplication operator (*), and division operator (/). Note that all of the arithmetic operators are binary operators — meaning they take two operands — one on each …

In lesson , you learned about function overloading, which provides a mechanism to create and resolve function calls to multiple functions with the same name, so long as each function has a unique function prototype. This allows you to create variations of a function to work with different data types, …

For much of this chapter and last, we’ve been preaching the virtues of access controls, which provide a mechanism for controlling who can access the various members of a class. Private members can only be accessed by other members of the class and public members can be accessed by everyone. …

In the previous lesson on , you learned that static member variables are member variables that belong to the class rather than objects of the class. If a static member variable is public, it can be accessed directly using the class name and the scope resolution operator: #include <iostream> class …

In the lesson , we introduced global variables, and in lesson , we introduced static local variables. Both of these types of variables have static duration, meaning they are created at the start of the program, and destroyed at the end of the program. Such variables keep their values even …

In lesson , you learned that objects of a fundamental data type (int, double, char, etc…) can be made constant via the const keyword. All const variables must be initialized at time of creation. const int x; // compile error: not initialized const int y{}; // ok: value initialized const …

All of the classes that we have written so far have been simple enough that we have been able to implement the member functions directly inside the class definition itself. For example, here’s a simple Date class where all member functions are defined inside the Date class definition: #include <iostream> …

Whenever possible, we want to reduce redundant code (following the DRY principle — Don’t Repeat Yourself). Consider the following functions: void A() { // statements that do task A } void B() { // statements that do task A // statements that do task B } Both functions have a …