What happens if we want to use a random number generator in multiple functions or files? One way is to create (and seed) our PRNG in our main() function, and then pass it everywhere we need it. But that’s a lot of passing for something we may only use sporadically, …
Chapter Review occurs when a project’s capabilities grow beyond what was originally intended at the start of the project or project phase. is the process of testing whether or not the software works as expected in all cases. A is a test designed to test a small portion of the …
In the previous lesson , we defined what a constant expression is, discussed why constant expressions are desirable, and concluded with when constant expressions actually evaluate at compile-time. In this lesson, we’ll take a closer look at how we create variables that can be used in constant expressions in modern …
Chapter Review A is a value that may not be changed during the program’s execution. C++ supports two types of constants: named constants, and literals. A is a constant value that is associated with an identifier. A is a constant value not associated with an identifier. A variable whose value …
Operator Symbol Form Meaning Conditional ?: c ? x : y If conditional c is true then evaluate x, otherwise evaluate y The conditional operator (?:) (also sometimes called the arithmetic if operator) is a ternary operator (an operator that takes 3 operands). Because it has historically been C++’s only …
In some cases, it is possible to write functions that don’t behave as desired when called with values of certain types. Consider the following example: #include <iostream> void printInt(int x) { std::cout << x << ‘\n’; } int main() { printInt(5); // okay: prints 5 printInt(‘a’); // prints 97 — …
Author’s note This is an optional lesson. We recommend having a light read-through to familiarize yourself with the material, but comprehensive understanding is not required to proceed with future lessons. In lesson , we discussed how calling access functions that return references to data members can be dangerous when the …
In lesson , we covered return by reference. In particular, we noted, “The object being returned by reference must exist after the function returns”. This means we should not return local variables by reference, as the reference will be left dangling after the local variable is destroyed. However, it is …
In lesson , we discussed how type aliases let us define an alias for an existing type. Creating a type alias for a class template where all template arguments are explicitly specified works just like a normal type alias: #include <iostream> template <typename T> struct Pair { T first{}; T …
In the prior lesson (), we discussed C-style multidimensional arrays. // C-style 2d array int arr[3][4] { { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, { 5, 6, 7, 8 }, { 9, 10, 11, 12 }}; But as you’re aware, we generally want to avoid C-style arrays (unless they are being …
