In previous lesson , we discussed the public and private access levels. As a reminder, classes typically make their data members private, and private members can not be directly accessed by the public. Consider the following Date class: #include <iostream> class Date { private: int m_year{ 2020 }; int m_month{ …
Let’s say you’re walking down the street on a brisk autumn day, eating a burrito. You want somewhere to sit, so you look around. To your left is a park, with mowed grass and shade trees, a few uncomfortable benches, and screaming kids on the nearby playground. To your right …
In lesson , we introduced the struct program-defined type, which can contain member variables. Here is an example of a struct used to hold a date: struct Date { int year {}; int month {}; int day {}; }; Now, if we want to print the date to the screen …
Procedural programming Back in lesson , we defined an object in C++ as, “a piece of memory that can be used to store values”. An object with a name is called a variable. Our C++ programs have consisted of sequential lists of instructions to the computer that define data (via …
In lesson , we introduced the concept of naming collisions and namespaces. As a reminder, a naming collision occurs when two identical identifiers are introduced into the same scope, and the compiler can’t disambiguate which one to use. When this happens, compiler or linker will produce an error because they …
A recursive function in C++ is a function that calls itself. Here is an example of a poorly-written recursive function: #include <iostream> void countDown(int count) { std::cout << “push ” << count << ‘\n’; countDown(count-1); // countDown() calls itself recursively } int main() { countDown(5); return 0; } When countDown(5) …
The memory that a program uses is typically divided into a few different areas, called segments: The code segment (also called a text segment), where the compiled program sits in memory. The code segment is typically read-only. The bss segment (also called the uninitialized data segment), where zero-initialized global and …
In lesson , you learned that a pointer is a variable that holds the address of another variable. Function pointers are similar, except that instead of pointing to variables, they point to functions! Consider the following function: int foo() { return 5; } Identifier foo() is the function’s name. But …
A is a default value provided for a function parameter. For example: void print(int x, int y=10) // 10 is the default argument { std::cout << “x: ” << x << ‘\n’; std::cout << “y: ” << y << ‘\n’; } When making a function call, the caller can optionally …
Consider the following function: int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; } This trivial function adds two integers and returns an integer result. However, what if we also want a function that can add two floating point numbers? This add() function is not suitable, as any floating …
