The allows you to evaluate multiple expressions wherever a single expression is allowed. The comma operator evaluates the left operand, then the right operand, and then returns the result of the right operand. For example: #include <iostream> int main() { int x{ 1 }; int y{ 2 }; std::cout << …
Incrementing (adding 1 to) and decrementing (subtracting 1 from) a variable are both so common that they have their own operators. Note that there are two versions of each operator — a prefix version (where the operator comes before the operand) and a postfix version (where the operator comes after …
There are two unary arithmetic operators, plus (+), and minus (-). As a reminder, unary operators are operators that only take one operand. The operator returns the operand multiplied by -1. In other words, if x = 5, -x is -5. The operator returns the value of the operand. In …
This chapter builds on top of the concepts from lesson . A quick review follows: An is a mathematical process involving zero or more input values (called ) that produces a new value (called an output value). The specific operation to be performed is denoted by a construct (typically a …
Chapter Review The smallest unit of memory is a , also called a . The smallest unit amount of memory that can be addressed (accessed) directly is a . The modern standard is that a byte equals 8 bits. A tells the compiler how to interpret the contents of memory …
are values that are inserted directly into the code. For example: return 5; // 5 is an integer literal bool myNameIsAlex { true }; // true is a boolean literal double d { 3.4 }; // 3.4 is a double literal std::cout << “Hello, world!”; // “Hello, world!” is a …
To this point, the fundamental data types we’ve looked at have been used to hold numbers (integers and floating points) or true/false values (Booleans). But what if we want to store letters or punctuation? #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << “Would you like a burrito? (y/n)”; // We want …
In real-life, it’s common to ask or be asked questions that can be answered with “yes” or “no”. “Is an apple a fruit?” Yes. “Do you like asparagus?” No. Now consider a similar statement that can be answered with a “true” or “false”: “Apples are a fruit”. It’s clearly true. …
Integers are great for counting whole numbers, but sometimes we need to store very large (positive or negative) numbers, or numbers with a fractional component. A floating point type variable is a variable that can hold a number with a fractional component, such as 4320.0, -3.33, or 0.01226. The floating …
An is an integral type that can represent positive and negative whole numbers, including 0 (e.g. -2, -1, 0, 1, 2). C++ has 4 primary fundamental integer types available for use: The key difference between the various integer types is that they have varying sizes — the larger integers can …
