Way back in lesson 10.6 -- Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast, we examined the concept of casting, and the use of static_cast to convert variables from one type to another.
In this lesson, we’ll continue by examining another type of cast: dynamic_cast.
The need for dynamic_cast
When dealing with polymorphism, you’ll often encounter cases where you have a pointer to a base class, but you want to access some information that exists only in a derived class.
Consider the following (slightly contrived) program:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
class Base
{
protected:
int m_value{};
public:
Base(int value)
: m_value{value}
{
}
virtual ~Base() = default;
};
class Derived : public Base
{
protected:
std::string m_name{};
public:
Derived(int value, std::string_view name)
: Base{value}, m_name{name}
{
}
const std::string& getName() const { return m_name; }
};
Base* getObject(bool returnDerived)
{
if (returnDerived)
return new Derived{1, "Apple"};
else
return new Base{2};
}
int main()
{
Base* b{ getObject(true) };
// how do we print the Derived object's name here, having only a Base pointer?
delete b;
return 0;
}In this program, function getObject() always returns a Base pointer, but that pointer may be pointing to either a Base or a Derived object. In the case where the Base pointer is actually pointing to a Derived object, how would we call Derived::getName()?
One way would be to add a virtual function to Base called getName() (so we could call it with a Base pointer/reference, and have it dynamically resolve to Derived::getName()). But what would this function return if you called it with a Base pointer/reference that was actually pointing to a Base object? There isn’t really any value that makes sense. Furthermore, we would be polluting our Base class with things that really should only be the concern of the Derived class.
We know that C++ will implicitly let you convert a Derived pointer into a Base pointer (in fact, getObject() does just that). This process is sometimes called upcasting. However, what if there was a way to convert a Base pointer back into a Derived pointer? Then we could call Derived::getName() directly using that pointer, and not have to worry about virtual function resolution at all.
dynamic_cast
C++ provides a casting operator named dynamic_cast that can be used for just this purpose. Although dynamic casts have a few different capabilities, by far the most common use for dynamic casting is for converting base-class pointers into derived-class pointers. This process is called downcasting.
Using dynamic_cast works just like static_cast. Here’s our example main() from above, using a dynamic_cast to convert our Base pointer back into a Derived pointer:
int main()
{
Base* b{ getObject(true) };
Derived* d{ dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b) }; // use dynamic cast to convert Base pointer into Derived pointer
std::cout << "The name of the Derived is: " << d->getName() << '\n';
delete b;
return 0;
}This prints:
The name of the Derived is: Apple
dynamic_cast failure
The above example works because b is actually pointing to a Derived object, so converting b into a Derived pointer is successful.
However, we’ve made quite a dangerous assumption: that b is pointing to a Derived object. What if b wasn’t pointing to a Derived object? This is easily tested by changing the argument to getObject() from true to false. In that case, getObject() will return a Base pointer to a Base object. When we try to dynamic_cast that to a Derived, it will fail, because the conversion can’t be made.
If a dynamic_cast fails, the result of the conversion will be a null pointer.
Because we haven’t checked for a null pointer result, we access d->getName(), which will try to dereference a null pointer, leading to undefined behavior (probably a crash).
In order to make this program safe, we need to ensure the result of the dynamic_cast actually succeeded:
int main()
{
Base* b{ getObject(true) };
Derived* d{ dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b) }; // use dynamic cast to convert Base pointer into Derived pointer
if (d) // make sure d is non-null
std::cout << "The name of the Derived is: " << d->getName() << '\n';
delete b;
return 0;
}Rule
Always ensure your dynamic casts actually succeeded by checking for a null pointer result.
Note that because dynamic_cast does some consistency checking at runtime (to ensure the conversion can be made), use of dynamic_cast does incur a performance penalty.
Also note that there are several cases where downcasting using dynamic_cast will not work:
- With protected or private inheritance.
- For classes that do not declare or inherit any virtual functions (and thus don’t have a virtual table).
- In certain cases involving virtual base classes (see this page for an example of some of these cases, and how to resolve them).
Downcasting with static_cast
It turns out that downcasting can also be done with static_cast. The main difference is that static_cast does no runtime type checking to ensure that what you’re doing makes sense. This makes using static_cast faster, but more dangerous. If you cast a Base* to a Derived*, it will “succeed” even if the Base pointer isn’t pointing to a Derived object. This will result in undefined behavior when you try to access the resulting Derived pointer (that is actually pointing to a Base object).
If you’re absolutely sure that the pointer you’re downcasting will succeed, then using static_cast is acceptable. One way to ensure that you know what type of object you’re pointing to is to use a virtual function. Here’s one (not great) way to do that:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
// Class identifier
enum class ClassID
{
base,
derived
// Others can be added here later
};
class Base
{
protected:
int m_value{};
public:
Base(int value)
: m_value{value}
{
}
virtual ~Base() = default;
virtual ClassID getClassID() const { return ClassID::base; }
};
class Derived : public Base
{
protected:
std::string m_name{};
public:
Derived(int value, std::string_view name)
: Base{value}, m_name{name}
{
}
const std::string& getName() const { return m_name; }
ClassID getClassID() override const { return ClassID::derived; }
};
Base* getObject(bool bReturnDerived)
{
if (bReturnDerived)
return new Derived{1, "Apple"};
else
return new Base{2};
}
int main()
{
Base* b{ getObject(true) };
if (b->getClassID() == ClassID::derived)
{
// We already proved b is pointing to a Derived object, so this should always succeed
Derived* d{ static_cast<Derived*>(b) };
std::cout << "The name of the Derived is: " << d->getName() << '\n';
}
delete b;
return 0;
}But if you’re going to go through all of the trouble to implement this (and pay the cost of calling a virtual function and processing the result), you might as well just use dynamic_cast.
Also consider what would happen if our object were actually some class that is derived from Derived (let’s call it D2). The above check b->getClassID() == ClassID::derived will fail because getClassId() would return ClassID::D2, which is not equal to ClassID::derived. Dynamic casting D2 to Derived would succeed though, since a D2 is a Derived!
dynamic_cast and references
Although all of the above examples show dynamic casting of pointers (which is more common), dynamic_cast can also be used with references. This works analogously to how dynamic_cast works with pointers.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
class Base
{
protected:
int m_value;
public:
Base(int value)
: m_value{value}
{
}
virtual ~Base() = default;
};
class Derived : public Base
{
protected:
std::string m_name;
public:
Derived(int value, std::string_view name)
: Base{value}, m_name{name}
{
}
const std::string& getName() const { return m_name; }
};
int main()
{
Derived apple{1, "Apple"}; // create an apple
Base& b{ apple }; // set base reference to object
Derived& d{ dynamic_cast<Derived&>(b) }; // dynamic cast using a reference instead of a pointer
std::cout << "The name of the Derived is: " << d.getName() << '\n'; // we can access Derived::getName through d
return 0;
}Because C++ does not have a “null reference”, dynamic_cast can’t return a null reference upon failure. Instead, if the dynamic_cast of a reference fails, an exception of type std::bad_cast is thrown. We talk about exceptions later in this tutorial.
dynamic_cast vs static_cast
New programmers are sometimes confused about when to use static_cast vs dynamic_cast. The answer is quite simple: use static_cast unless you’re downcasting, in which case dynamic_cast is usually a better choice. However, you should also consider avoiding casting altogether and just use virtual functions.
Downcasting vs virtual functions
There are some developers who believe dynamic_cast is evil and indicative of a bad class design. Instead, these programmers say you should use virtual functions.
In general, using a virtual function should be preferred over downcasting. However, there are times when downcasting is the better choice:
- When you can not modify the base class to add a virtual function (e.g. because the base class is part of the standard library)
- When you need access to something that is derived-class specific (e.g. an access function that only exists in the derived class)
- When adding a virtual function to your base class doesn’t make sense (e.g. there is no appropriate value for the base class to return). Using a pure virtual function may be an option here if you don’t need to instantiate the base class.
A warning about dynamic_cast and RTTI
Run-time type information (RTTI) is a feature of C++ that exposes information about an object’s data type at runtime. This capability is leveraged by dynamic_cast. Because RTTI has a pretty significant space performance cost, some compilers allow you to turn RTTI off as an optimization. Needless to say, if you do this, dynamic_cast won’t function correctly.